To authenticate access to OpenStack services, you must first issue anauthentication request with a payload of credentials to OpenStack Identity toget an authentication token.

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Credentials are usually a combination of your user name and password,and optionally, the name or ID of the project of your cloud.Ask your cloud administrator for your user name, password, and project sothat you can generate authentication tokens. Alternatively, you cansupply a token rather than a user name and password.

When you send API requests, you include the token in the X-Auth-Tokenheader. If you access multiple OpenStack services, you must get a token foreach service. A token is valid for a limited time before it expires. A tokencan also become invalid for other reasons. For example, if the roles for auser change, existing tokens for that user are no longer valid.

Authentication and API request workflow¶

1. Request an authentication token from the Identity endpoint that yourcloud administrator gave you. Send a payload of credentials in therequest as shown in Authenticate. If the request succeeds, the serverreturns an authentication token.

2. Send API requests and include the token in the X-Auth-Tokenheader. Continue to send API requests with that token until the servicecompletes the request or the Unauthorized (401) error occurs.

3. If the Unauthorized (401) error occurs, request another token.

1. Then, create an app-scoped bookmark for that folder and store it as part of the app’s configuration (perhaps in a property list file or using the NSUserDefaults class). With the app-scoped bookmark, your app can obtain future access to the folder. A document-scoped bookmark provides a specific document with persistent access to a file.
2. Disables syncing one or more sync data types that are on by default. See sync/base/modeltype.h for possible types. Types should be comma separated, and follow the naming convention for string representation of model types, e.g.: -disable-synctypes='Typed URLs, Bookmarks, Autofill Profiles'.

The examples in this section use cURL commands. For information about cURL,see http://curl.haxx.se/. For information about the OpenStack APIs, seeCurrent API versions.

Authenticate¶

The payload of credentials to authenticate contains these parameters:

In a typical OpenStack deployment that runs Identity, you can specify yourproject name, and user name and password credentials to authenticate.

First, export your project name to the OS_PROJECT_NAME environmentvariable, your project domain name to the OS_PROJECT_DOMAIN_NAMEenvironment variable, your user name to the OS_USERNAMEenvironment variable, your password to the OS_PASSWORD environmentvariable and your user domain name to the OS_USER_DOMAIN_NAMEenvironment variable.

The example below uses an endpoint from an installation of Ocata by followingthe installation guide. However, you can also use $OS_AUTH_URL as anenvironment variable as needed to change the URL.

Then, run this cURL command to request a token:

If the request succeeds, it returns the Created(201) response codealong with the token as a value in the X-Subject-Token response header.The header is followed by a response body that has an object of typetoken which has the token expiration date and time in the form'expires_at':'datetime' along with other attributes.

The following example shows a successful response:

Note

In the above request, the query string nocatalog is used as youjust want to get a token and do not want the service catalog(if it is available for the user) cluttering the output.If a user wants to get the service catalog, this query string neednot be appended to the URL.

Send API requests¶

This section shows how to make some basic Compute API calls. For a completelist of Compute API calls, seeCompute API.

Export the token ID to the OS_TOKEN environment variable. For example:

The token expires every hour by default,though it can be configured differently - seethe expiration option in thethe Identity Service Configuration Guide.

Export the project name to the OS_PROJECT_NAME environmentvariable. For example:

Then, use the Compute API to list flavors, substituting the ComputeAPI endpoint with one containing your project ID below:

Export the $OS_PROJECT_ID from the token call, and thenuse the Compute API to list images:

Export the $OS_PROJECT_ID from the token call, and thenuse the Compute API to list servers:

OpenStack command-line clients¶

For scripting work and simple requests, you can use a command-line client likethe openstack-client client. This client enables you to use the Identity,Compute, Block Storage, and Object Storage APIs through a command-lineinterface. Also, each OpenStack project has a related client project thatincludes Python API bindings and a command-line interface (CLI).

For information about the command-line clients, see OpenStackCommand-Line Interface Reference.

Install the clients¶

Use pip to install the OpenStack clients on a Mac OS X or Linux system. Itis easy and ensures that you get the latest version of the client from thePython Package Index. Also, pip lets youupdate or remove a package.

You must install the client for each project separately, but thepython-openstackclient covers multiple projects.

Install or update a client package:

Where PROJECT is the project name.

For example, install the openstack client:

To update the openstack client, run this command:

To remove the openstack client, run this command:

Before you can issue client commands, you must download and source theopenrc file to set environment variables.

For complete information about the OpenStack clients, including how to sourcethe openrc file, see OpenStack End User Guide,OpenStack Administrator Guide,and OpenStack Command-Line Interface Reference.

Launch an instance¶

To launch instances, you must choose a name, an image, and a flavor foryour instance.

To list available images, call the Compute API through the openstackclient:

To list flavors, run this command:

To launch an instance, note the IDs of your desired image and flavor.

To launch the my_instance instance, run the openstackservercreatecommand with the image and flavor IDs and the server name:

Note

For information about the default ports that the OpenStack components use,see Firewalls and default portsin the OpenStack Installation Guide.

Network Level Authentication (NLA)

This blog post is divided into two sections: the first section relates to the machines Without RD Session Host Role, while the second part refers to the machines With RD Session Host Role.

These two sections are further divided into different Operating Systems to choose from.

This post shows how to disable network-level authentication to allow for RDP connections on a target device.

Quick Links

Disabling Network Level Authentication without RD Session Host Role

Windows 7 & Windows Server 2008/Windows Server 2008 R2

1. Open the Control Panel. Ensure that the control panel is showing items by Category (i.e., not in Classic View). Click on System and Security and under System click on Allow remote access.
2. Under the Remote Desktop group, select Allow connections from computers running any version of Remote Desktop (less secure).

Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012/Windows Server 2012 R2

1. Open the Control Panel. Ensure that the control panel is showing items by Category. Click on System and Security and under System click on Allow remote access.
2. Under the Remote Desktop group deselect the option Allow connections only from computers running Remote Desktop with Network Level Authentication (recommended)

Windows 10 & Windows Server 2016

1. Open the Control Panel. Ensure that the control panel is showing items by Category (i.e., not in Classic View). Click on System and Security and under System click on Allow remote access.
2. Under the Remote group choose Allow remote connections to this computer.

Disabling Network Level Authentication with the RD Session Host Role

In Windows 2008 and Windows 2008 R2

1. On the RD Session Host server, open Remote Desktop Session Host Configuration. To do this, click Start, point to Administrative Tools, point to Remote Desktop Services, and then click Remote Desktop Session Host Configuration.
2. Under Connections, right-click the name of the connection, and then click Properties.
3. On the General tab, un-tick the Allow connections only from computers running Remote Desktop with Network Level Authentication check box. (For maximum compatibility ensure that Security Layer is set to Negotiate)

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If the Allow connections only from computers running Remote Desktop with Network Level Authentication check box is selected and is not enabled, the Require user authentication for remote connections by using Network Level Authentication Group Policy setting has been enabled and applied to the RD Session Host server.

4. Click OK.

Windows 2012/Windows Server 2012 R2 & Windows Server 2016/2019

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1. On the RD Session Host server, open the Server Manager.
2. Click on Remote Desktop Services, then under Collections click on the name of the session collection name that you want to modify. Click on Tasks and select Edit properties.
3. Under the Security tab un-tick the option Allow connections only from computers running Remote Desktop with Network Level Authentication. (For maximum compatibility ensure that Security Layer is set to Negotiate)
   If the Allow connections only from computers running Remote Desktop with Network Level Authentication check box is selected and is not enabled, the Require user authentication for remote connections by using Network Level Authentication Group Policy setting has been enabled and applied to the RD Session Host server.
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